为什么英国的法官和律师要戴假发?
看过律政英剧或者电影的朋友们有没有过这样一个疑问:为什么里面的律师或法官都戴着一顶白色假发?
今天我们一起来看看为什么英国的法官和律师要戴假发。
在这之前,先来做个小科普。说起“律师”这个词,我们第一时间想起的一般都是lawyer,但其实在英国更常用的是barrister和solicitor,你知道两者的区别吗?
答案很简单:
solicitor指的是事务律师,绝大部分的律所的律师都叫solicitor,主要负责和当事人沟通,处理各种法律文件,接受各种诉讼委托,但是solicitor的出庭发言权受到限制。
而大状barrister则享有不受限制的出庭发言权,但他们不能直接与当事人接触。如果有意聘用barrister的话要先与solicitor进行对接。
所以本文说到的佩戴假发的律师,一般指的都是barrister~
But in the U.K., nothing is more British than the iconic white wig judges and attorneys — or barristers as they're known — wear during formal courtroom proceedings. Many of the judges and barristers who wear wigs say the headpiece — also known as a peruke — brings a sense of formality and solemnity to the courtroom.
在英国,没有什么比法官和律师——或者熟知的大状——在正式法庭诉讼中佩戴的标志性白色假发更加英国化的东西了。许多戴着这一头饰(也被称为假发)的法官和律师说这给法庭带来了一种正式和庄严的感觉。
所以,佩戴假发是为了一种统一感。而且,如果大状不戴假发可能会被看作是一种对于法庭的侮辱。
Like the robes the lawyers wear, the wigs are worn as a symbol of anonymity, Newton said. The wigs are part of a uniform that create a visual separation between the law and those being brought up before it.
在伦敦大学学习法律的华盛顿特区律师凯文·牛顿说,就像律师穿的长袍一样,戴假发是匿名的象征。假发是制服的一部分,在视觉上将法律与受法律约束的人分开。
法官和律师的假发一样吗?
虽然同样都要佩戴假发,但律师和法官的假发长得可不一样哦~
Barrister wigs are curled at the crown, with horizontal curls on the sides and back. Judges' wigs — also called bench wigs — look similar, but are typically more ornate. They're fuller at the top and transition into tight curls that fall just below the shoulders.
律师的假发头顶卷曲,侧面和背面有水平卷发。法官的假发也称为长假发,两者看起来很相似,但法官的假发通常装饰更多,在顶部更饱满,并过渡成紧贴在肩膀下方的卷发
这张图也许能更好地看出两者的区别,左边为法官佩戴的假发,右边为律师佩戴的假发。
假发的价格?
这样一顶假发造价如何?可能要比你想象中的更贵!
Most are handmade from 100 percent horsehair, though there are synthetic versions available today, too. Horsehair wigs aren't cheap, either, especially when they're handmade and combine an ages-old craft of styling, sewing and gluing. A judge's full-length wig can cost more than $3,000, while the shorter ones worn by barristers cost more than $600.
大多数假发都是100%马毛手工制成的,尽管今天也有合成版本。马毛假发不便宜,手工制作再加上古老的造型、缝纫和粘合工艺的马毛假发就更贵了。法官的长假发售价超过3000美元,而律师佩戴的短款假发售价也超过600美元。
为什么假发会开始流行起来?
假发在16世纪后期开始流行,因为越来越多欧洲人感染了性病,那时还没有抗生素可以用于治疗梅毒,因此由于副作用而变秃的人感到无比困扰,总不能顶着斑秃的头参加社交活动吧!
并且那时卫生条件比较落后,有人头上会长虱子...(是的你没有听错!)比起每天费功夫捉虱子,戴假发明显是个事半功倍的选择。
当然,王公贵族圈的名流也是无法避免性病和虱子的侵扰的~ 因此那时佩戴假发在贵族圈里也形成了风气。所以那些中世纪画作的人都戴着假发... 看来也是因为这一点了。
法庭开始佩戴假发则比贵族圈子晚一些。
Although aristocrats and those who wished to remain in good social standing were quick to adopt the practice of wearing wigs, English courtrooms were slower to act. In the early 1680s, judicial portraits still showed a natural, no-wig look. By 1685, however, full, shoulder-length wigs had become part of the proper court dress.
尽管贵族和那些希望保持良好社会地位的人很快就戴上了假发,英国法庭的行动却比较缓慢。在1680年代初期,司法肖像依然是自然不戴假发的形象。然而,到了1685年,全头齐肩假发已成为正式法庭着装的一部分。
随着时间的推移,佩戴假发的人越来越少,但在法庭佩戴假发的这一传统保留了下来。
In 2007, though, new dress rules did away with barrister wigs — for the most part. Wigs were no longer required during family or civil court appearances, or when appearing before the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. Wigs, however, remain in use in criminal cases.
然而,在 2007 年,新的着装规则在很大程度上取消了大状必须佩戴假发的规则。在家庭或民事法庭出庭或在英国最高法院出庭时不再需要假发。但是,刑事案件中仍然需要佩戴假发。
虽然佩戴假发已经不再是一项硬性规定,但律师还是愿意这么做,背后的原因从侧面说明很多人对于律师这一形象的刻板印象还没有改正过来。
Yet, wearing wigs still enjoys popularity among British lawyers, the Guardian reported in 2021. "If you don't meet the physical stereotypes of a barrister — male, white, perhaps older — it is helpful to wear the uniform because it stops any awkward conversations," barrister Zoe Chapman told the publication.
《卫报》在 2021 年报道,佩戴假发在英国律师中仍然很受欢迎。“如果你不符合大状的身体刻板印象——男性、白人,年纪更大的话,穿这件制服很有帮助,因为它可以避免任何尴尬的对话,”大状佐伊·查普曼说。
来源|文章摘自Why Do British Lawyers Still Wear Wigs?(为什么英国律师还戴假发?)、沪江英语公众号
制作|绢生
审核|肖英 / 蓝莓
终审|清欢
